"-ed" meaning in Middle English

See -ed in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /-əd/ Forms: -ede [alternative], -et [alternative], -it [alternative], -t [alternative]
Etymology: Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōd, from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from the weak class 2 suffix *-ōną + the bare past particple suffix *-daz (from Proto-Indo-European *-tós). This form also continues the Old English weak class 1 past participle suffix -ed, but after the Early Middle English period, it is replaced by -d, -t by analogy with the finite past. Etymology templates: {{etymon|enm|:inh|ang:-ed<id:past-participle>|ang:-od|id=past participle}} [Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*-ōdaz", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old English", "term" : "-od", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ang" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "-ed", "lang" : "enm" }" data-id="past participle" data-lang="enm" data-title="-ed" id="Middle_English:_past_participle">, {{yesno||i|I}} I, {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|enm|ang|-od|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=weak class 2 past participle|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), {{inh+|enm|ang|-od|pos=weak class 2 past participle}} Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*-ōd}} Proto-West Germanic *-ōd, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*-ōdaz}} Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, {{der|enm|ine-pro|*-tós}} Proto-Indo-European *-tós Head templates: {{head|enm|suffix}} -ed
  1. Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -ede Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--ed-enm-suffix-BMWj5YAW Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Pages using etymon with no ID Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 49 49 0 2 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 50 50
  2. (chiefly Early Middle English) Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de Tags: Early-Middle-English, morpheme
    Sense id: en--ed-enm-suffix-qttdPvLF Categories (other): Early Middle English, Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Pages using etymon with no ID Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 49 49 0 2 Disambiguation of Pages using etymon with no ID: 50 50
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Suffix

Head templates: {{head|enm|suffix|altform=1}} -ed
  1. alternative form of -ede Tags: alt-of, alternative, morpheme Alternative form of: -ede
    Sense id: en--ed-enm-suffix-lvawRvlL
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Suffix

Etymology templates: {{etymon|enm|id=state}} Head templates: {{head|enm|suffix|altform=1}} -ed
  1. alternative form of -hede Tags: alt-of, alternative, morpheme Alternative form of: -hede
    Sense id: en--ed-enm-suffix-g~4C6dwP
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "-ed"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "-it"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "-ed"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "-it"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:-ed<id:past-participle>",
        "4": "ang:-od",
        "id": "past participle"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōdaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-od\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ed\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"past participle\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-ed\" id=\"Middle_English:_past_participle\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-od",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "weak class 2 past participle",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-od",
        "pos": "weak class 2 past participle"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle)",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-ōd"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōd",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ōdaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tós",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōd, from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from the weak class 2 suffix *-ōną + the bare past particple suffix *-daz (from Proto-Indo-European *-tós).\nThis form also continues the Old English weak class 1 past participle suffix -ed, but after the Early Middle English period, it is replaced by -d, -t by analogy with the finite past.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ede",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-et",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-it",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-t",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-ed",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "49 49 0 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -ede"
      ],
      "id": "en--ed-enm-suffix-BMWj5YAW",
      "links": [
        [
          "weak verbs",
          "weak verb#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Early Middle English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "49 49 0 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "50 50",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de"
      ],
      "id": "en--ed-enm-suffix-qttdPvLF",
      "links": [
        [
          "weak verbs",
          "weak verb#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(chiefly Early Middle English) Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early-Middle-English",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/-əd/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ed"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-ed",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "-ede"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -ede"
      ],
      "id": "en--ed-enm-suffix-lvawRvlL",
      "links": [
        [
          "-ede",
          "-ede#Middle_English:_past"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ed"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "id": "state"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-ed",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "-hede"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -hede"
      ],
      "id": "en--ed-enm-suffix-g~4C6dwP",
      "links": [
        [
          "-hede",
          "-hede#Middle_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ed"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English alternative forms",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English suffixes",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 11 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "-ed"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "-it"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "-ed"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "-it"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:-ed<id:past-participle>",
        "4": "ang:-od",
        "id": "past participle"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōdaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-od\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ed\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"past participle\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-ed\" id=\"Middle_English:_past_participle\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "",
        "2": "i",
        "3": "I"
      },
      "expansion": "I",
      "name": "yesno"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-od",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "weak class 2 past participle",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-od",
        "pos": "weak class 2 past participle"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle)",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-ōd"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōd",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-ōdaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-tós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tós",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -od (weak class 2 past participle), from Proto-West Germanic *-ōd, from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from the weak class 2 suffix *-ōną + the bare past particple suffix *-daz (from Proto-Indo-European *-tós).\nThis form also continues the Old English weak class 1 past participle suffix -ed, but after the Early Middle English period, it is replaced by -d, -t by analogy with the finite past.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "-ede",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-et",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-it",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-t",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "-ed",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -ede"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "weak verbs",
          "weak verb#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Early Middle English"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "weak verbs",
          "weak verb#Noun"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(chiefly Early Middle English) Forms the past participle of weak verbs in -de"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Early-Middle-English",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/-əd/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ed"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English alternative forms",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 11 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-ed",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "-ede"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -ede"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-ede",
          "-ede#Middle_English:_past"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ed"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English alternative forms",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 11 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "id": "state"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "suffix",
        "altform": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "-ed",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "-hede"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "alternative form of -hede"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-hede",
          "-hede#Middle_English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ed"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -ed meaning in Middle English (5.1kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-06-07 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-06-01 using wiktextract (e79dea5 and 7f4db16). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.